Broken bones, or fractures, occur when significant force is applied to the skeleton, exceeding its structural integrity. These injuries can range from simple fractures to complex, displaced ones. Common signs of a broken bone include pain, swelling, deformity, bruising, and inability to move the affected area.
In SAR scenarios, dealing with broken bones requires swift and effective action to ensure the safety and comfort of the injured subject. Proper immobilization and preparation for transportation are critical steps to prevent further injury and stabilize the subject.
Types of Fractures
- Closed Fracture: The bone is broken but does not pierce the skin.
- Open Fracture: The bone pierces the skin, increasing the risk of infection.
- Displaced Fracture: The broken pieces of the bone are not aligned.
- Greenstick Fracture: Common in children, the bone bends and cracks without breaking completely.
Steps for Immobilizing Broken Bones
Assess the Situation
Before attempting to immobilize the injury, evaluate the subject’s condition and surroundings. Look for signs of life-threatening issues, such as severe bleeding or difficulty breathing. Address these concerns first, if present.
Stabilize the Subject
Calm the subject and avoid unnecessary movement. This minimizes pain and prevents further damage to the bone or surrounding tissues
Apply Immobilization Techniques
- Use Splints: Splints are rigid supports that keep the injured area stable. If a commercial splint is not available, improvise using items such as sticks, rolled newspapers, or cardboard.
- Padding: Place padding between the splint and the skin to prevent pressure sores and improve comfort.
- Secure with Bandages: Use bandages or cloth strips to tightly secure the splint but avoid cutting off circulation.
- Immobilize Above and Below: Ensure the splint immobilizes the joints both above and below the fracture site.
Monitor Circulation
Check for signs of impaired circulation by observing skin color and temperature. Loosen the bandages if necessary to restore blood flow.
Preparing for Transportation
Planning the Transport Method
Depending on the nature of the terrain and the subject’s injuries, choose the safest and most effective transportation method. Options include stretchers, spine boards, or carrying techniques.
Protecting the Injured Area
Ensure the immobilized bone stays in place during transit. Avoid jolts or movements that could worsen the injury.
Communicate Clearly
Inform the subject about the procedure to reassure them throughout the process. Coordinate with team members to move the subject smoothly and efficiently.
Key Safety Considerations
- void attempting to straighten or manipulate a broken bone.
- Do not remove splints or bandages unless advised by a medical professional.
- If an open fracture is present, cover the wound with sterile gauze and avoid contamination.
- Transport the subject to a medical facility as quickly as possible.